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Nagel, M., and S. Madsen. 1982. Elm-ash birch forest. Am. Birds 36:62.

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Ohmann, L. F., H. O. Batzer, R. R. Buech, D. C. Lothner, D. A. Perala, A. L. Schipper, Jr., and B. S. Verry. 1978. Some harvest options and their consequences for the aspen, birch, and associated conifer forest types of the Lake States. General Technical Report NC-48. St. Paul, MN: U.S. Dept. of Agric., For. Serv., North Cent. For. Exper. Sta.

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Palmer, P. S., ed. 1988. Handbook of North American birds, vol. 4. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.

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Pfannmuller, L. A. 1979. Bird communities of the regional copper-nickel study area. PhD Diss. Univ. Minnesota.

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